on the jewish question

Bruno Bauer replies to them: nobody in Germany is politically In Germany, where there is no political state, no state as such, the Jewish question Moses asked a very logical, reasonable and rational question. Yet, there are VASTLY more white gentiles that have equal or higher IQs than your average Jews. The debate, which was similar to other "national questions", dealt with the civil, legal, national, and political status of Jews as a minority within society, particularly in Europe during the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. It is difficult for me to understand Flynn's attitude. The central question Karl Marx aims to resolve in his text On the Jewish Question is what he calls the secular conflict between the church and state. [10] There is no such thing as a progressive form of bigotry. Meanwhile, several speakers also challenged us by attending to vernacular understandings of sovereignty in postcolonial Africa, the emancipatory narratives of CLR James, and Gandhis ethico-political theory to broaden our conception of the political and where we locate it. Others argue that that On the Jewish Question is primarily a critique of liberal rights, rather than a criticism of Judaism, and that apparently anti-Semitic passages should be read in that context.[27]. The important examples are raised of community organizing, and social justice as a discourse within the concrete struggles that happen within communities. Despite its name, the Jewish Question was not a Jewish question as such; it was a European question, whose subject was the Jews. If there are 6 million Jews in the United States with an average IQ of 115 (so 3 million are 115+) and there are 200+ million white gentiles with an average IQ of 105 IQ (so roughly 30% are 115+ IQ). So, I figured 77 must be especially lucky. WebLapids lament: Theres only one truth, and the rest is a lie. The secret of Jewish survival is not logic or even our vaunted intelligence. The most rigid form of the opposition between the Jew and the Christian is the religious opposition. Some of the most strongly worded passages of the text point to Marxs struggle to connecting these themes together: The Jew has emancipated himself in a Jewish The summary, therefore, is as follows: We must emancipated ourselves before we can emancipate others. Consider that IQ is the most powerful single determinant of long-term socioeconomic success and influence (my lab has published on this issue). Though Marx was of Jewish ethnicity himself, On the Jewish Question was accused by some commentators of being anti-semitic.[4]. Mnzers Preparations for the Insurrection, The creatures, too, must become free: Marx and the Animal/Human Distinction. <> stream [11] >> How could they ever go free? WebThe Jewish question presents itself differently according to the state in which the Jew resides. It hardly needs to be said that although conspiracies do occasionally occur, conspiracy theories are the lowest form of intellectual enterprise. Sixty years later, established as a great historian, Professor Lewis would write that in America, Every citizen, in addition to his U.S. citizenship, has other identities, defined by race, by ethnic origin or, often, origins, and by his personal or ancestral religion.. Civic, that is, political emancipation. Its possible that we should be happy about this, rather than annoyed: is the fact that smart people are working hard for our mutual advancement really something to feel upset? INTRODUCTION Marx' article, 'On the Jewish Question', is an important stage in the development of his philosophical and social outlook. Stephen J. Greenblatt: Marlowe, Marx, and Anti-Semitism, in: Y. Peled: From theology to sociology: Bruno Bauer and Karl Marx on the question of Jewish emancipation, in: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-5037%28196407%2F09%2925%3A3%3C445%3AMAJE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1, Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism, Marx and the Radical Critique of difference, VIII. Marx asks, not just who should emancipate or who should be emancipated, but also: what kind of emancipation is involved? The most infamous use of this expression was by the Nazis in the early- and mid-twentieth century. [12], Upon achieving power in 1933, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi state began to implement increasingly severe legislation that was aimed at segregating and ultimately removing Jews from Germany and (eventually) all of Europe. This edition has been criticized because the reader is not told that its title is not from Marx, and for So lets take apart the far-right claims: First, psychologically speaking: why do the reactionary conspiracy theorists even bother? pp. Between 1880 and 1920, millions of Jews created their own solution for the pogroms of eastern Europe by emigration to other places, primarily the United States and western Europe. Mathematically, scientifically and logically, we should not exist. In Marx's analysis, the "secular state" is not opposed to religion, but rather actually presupposes it. There was a problem loading your book clubs. This article would stir a controversy, to which the newspaper Sozialdemokrat, edited by Eduard Bernstein, reacted by republishing almost the entire second part of Zur Judenfrage in June and July 1881. It is in this sense that [in a 1524 pamphlet] Thomas Mnzer declares it intolerable, that all creatures have been turned into property, the fishes in the water, the birds in the air, the plants on the earth; the creatures, too, must become free.[30]. Read instantly on your browser with Kindle for Web. So, whats the story? Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung (General Literary Gazette) in Charlottenburg (now Berlin). Thus, the Jewish religion not only doesn't need to disappear in that society, as Bauer argues, but is actually a natural part of it. Still there is an important question of how Marxs later categories (which he comes to use in place of species-being) of say, social power, or capital as congeal human labor, allow us to think through questions raised in this text about emancipation. [13] Bernard Lewis has described "On the Jewish Question" as "one of the classics of anti-Semitic propaganda. Your email address will not be published. The German Jews desire emancipation. Marx tries very hard in this essay to show how these different forms of alienation are connected in society. From what? Hal Draper (1977)[24] observed that the language of Part II of On the Jewish Question followed the view of the Jews role given in Jewish socialist Moses Hess' essay On the Money System. It should be noted that Marx is not saying poltical emancipation is a misguided political project. } It was discussed in Germany in 1843 via Bruno Bauer's treatise Die Judenfrage ("The Jewish Question"). The term "Jewish question" was first used in Great Britain around 1750 when the expression was used during the debates related to the Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753. Mr Perrottet says he is not aware of any photos of him in the Nazi uniform. Why we send billions to Isarel every year. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. His question of what type of emancipation is involved is at the root of the kinds of questions we would like to pose in this seminar under the rubric of global political futures.. Try again. The Jew has emancipated himself in a Jewish manner, not only because he has acquired financial power, but also because, through him and also apart from him, money has become a world power and the practical Jewish spirit has become the practical spirit of the Christian nations. Second, if Jews are high IQ, and that means they are more likely to be in positions of power, that would explain their prevalence. The most rigid form of the opposition between the Jew and the Christian How is an opposition resolved? The answer is not by logic but by faith. Marx argues that Bauer is mistaken in his assumption that in a "secular state" religion will no longer play a prominent role in social life, and, as an example refers to the pervasiveness of religion in the United States, which, unlike Prussia, had no state religion. as a kind of form of international sociality that we are seeking, or are we talking about imagining forms of global political future and democracy that are post-legal (this post-legal concepy should probably be approached with a modicum of suspicion). At least, it must be attempted--and the embitterment grows with every petition that is rejected with protestations. Webquestion is the answer to the Jewish question. The Jews had nothing and no friends. But it does to Jews, whos religion and ethnic identity are especially important to them. Please try again. Both Marx and Arendt recognize that the substance of modern politics is based on membership in a political community, the state, but that the conceptual basis of this community is rife with contradictions. From December 1843 to October 1844, Bruno Bauer published the monthly According to Greenblatt, [b]oth writers hope to focus attention upon activity that is seen as at once alien and yet central to the life of the community and to direct against that activity the anti-Semitic feeling of the audience. Through law and the state we participate as imaginary member in illusory sovereignty. WebHope that isnt too dumb a question! Your email address will not be published. So 200 million x .30 gives us 60,000,000 whites with an IQ of 115+. He has said so frequently and he says so now. Learn more. [18] In a letter to Arnold Ruge, written March 1843,[19] Marx This is the starting point of a complex and somewhat metaphorical argument which draws on the stereotype of the Jew as a financially apt "huckster" and posits a special connection between Judaism as a religion and the economy of contemporary bourgeois society. There is a sense in which he is saying that we need to work through these categories in order to achieve real human emancipation. Simply put: if a very complex job or role requires an IQ of 145, three standard deviations above the mean and characteristic of less than one percent of the general population, then a group with a higher average IQ will be exceptionally over-represented in such enterprises. I would like to open our discussion by highlighting two of Marxs concepts from On The Jewish Question: human emancipation and species-being. Please try again. WebTemplate:Marxism On the Jewish Question is a work by Karl Marx, written in 1843, and first published in Paris in 1844 under the German title Zur Judenfrage in the Deutsch The Jewish Question: History of a Marxist Debate (Historical Materialism) The Jewish Question: History of a Marxist Debate (Historical Materialism): Traverso, Enzo: 9781642590548: Amazon.com: He is perfectly willing to talk about it among a small group of people in private. Hybrid Judaism: Irving Greenberg, Encounter, and the Changing Nature of American Je From Fashion to Politics: Hadassah and Jewish American Women in the Post World War October: The Story of the Russian Revolution. Thats three standard deviations above the general population of mean of 100, not the 115 (one standard deviation) you used. Why didnt God give him a logical or reasonable answer? So, I picked 48.. The war itself, Trotsky explains, was the fruit of rotting capitalism which survived thanks to the failed policies of Stalinist parties and pro-imperialist Social Democratic parties. Von Leers asserted that establishing a Jewish homeland in Mandatory Palestine would create humanitarian and political problems for the region. pt:Sobre a Questo Judaica We will continue to confound our enemies and critics, and all the naysayers. % There is actually an existing abstract species-being in the framing of law. Greenblatt is attributing Marx a sharp, even hysterical, denial of his religious background. "Just as Hitler wanted a 'final solution' to the Jewish question, now, if you read Western politicians they clearly say Russia must suffer a strategic defeat." Marcus Garvey vs. W.E.B. Your cutoff for high IQ is far too low. It is interesting to bring up different images associated with justice: how to these raise different questions in relation to law? In the final analysis, the emancipation of the Jews is the emancipation of mankind from Judaism. [1] According to Holocaust scholar Lucy Dawidowicz, the term "Jewish Question," as introduced in western Europe, was a neutral expression for the negative attitude toward the apparent and persistent singularity of the Jews as a people against the background of the rising political nationalism and new nation-states. The 'Final Solution' was Nazi German leader Adolf Hitler's Holocaust blueprint, which led to the systematic murder of 6 million Jews, as well as members of other minorities. <> In any case, the radical/identity-politics right wingers regard such accomplishment as evidence of a conspiracy. No conspiracy. No conspiracy. Going back to Kant in Perpetual Peace, there is the idea that if we want to think at the level of global political futureswhich is to say on an unbounded conceptual horizonthen even at that level, for Kant, state sovereignty is something worth preserving. The players of identity politics on the far right continue ever-so-pathologically to beat the anti-Semitic drum, pointing to the over-representation of Jews in positions of authority, competence and influence (including revolutionary movements). Not since Moses. Web[1] Bauer argued that Jews can achieve political emancipation only if they relinquish their particular religious consciousness, since political emancipation requires a secular state, which he assumes does not leave any "space" for social identities such as religion. 22 0 obj window.mc4wp.listeners.push( Marx understands species-being as the form in which man is conscious of himself as mankind. Arendt, meanwhile, reports from a courtroom, where changing technologies of war have raised a variety of questions about the relationship between law and justice, crime and intent, evidence and guilt, state and jurisdiction. In Germany, where there is no political state, no state as such, the Jewish question is a purely theological one. Your argument is essentially that identity politics does matter not. Jews should, according to the idea that IQ leads to representation in positions of power, should be 5% or so of millionaires (3 million Jews / 60 million gentiles at 115+). : "The 'Jewish Question', "Hitler's speech to the Reichstag of January 30, 1939", Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews, "From Theology to Sociology: Bruno Bauer and Karl Marx on the Question of Jewish Emancipation", "Nuremberg Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor", "When did Hitler decide on the Final Solution? Using your mobile phone camera - scan the code below and download the Kindle app. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations. In occupied France, the collaborationist regime established its own Institute for studying the Jewish Questions. What explains this? In Nazi Germany, the term Jewish Question (in German: Judenfrage) referred to the belief that the existence of Jews in Germany posed a problem for the state. The 'Final [citation needed] In 1898, Theodor Herzl's treatise, Der Judenstaat, advocates Zionism as a "modern solution for the Jewish question" by creating an independent Jewish state, preferably in Palestine.[3]. Along the way, we engaged with a number of topics, including: historicizations and periodizations that highlight various features of sovereign legitimacy; the emergence of the concept of humanity in international law; the relational proximity of the international and religion in modernist thought; and the instability of human rights discourse. [8], Hyam Maccoby has argued that "On the Jewish Question" is an example of what he considers to be Marx' "early anti-Semitism." How Can We Desire Something Better for Ourselves? the UN & the instruments of international human rights legality and the project of human emancipation, the aim of re-absorbing what is actually there (in its formal articulation): making concrete a kind of equality, a kind of recognition of what human beings really are or would like to be. writes that he intended to support a petition of the Jews to the Provincial Assembly. In particular, Marx aims to resolve whether political emancipation is possible under the state. He feels as strongly as I do that the Jews are among the major influences pushing this country toward war. But before we get into that heres a statue of Marx! ", Reviewed in the United States on January 30, 2004. You can claim responsibility for the accomplishments of your group you feel racially/ethnically akin to without actually having to accomplish anything yourself. [21] For Althusser, the essay is a profoundly ideological text, committed to the struggle for Communism, but without being Marxist; so it cannot, theoretically, be identified with the later texts which were to define historical materialism. Wendy Brown: not about making claims on the state but about attempt to become power (does the UN allow us to conceive this). endobj distortions in the text. Bonus. Bruno Bauer: Die Fhigkeit der heutigen Juden und Christen, frei zu werden (The Capacity of Present-day Jews and Christians to Become Free), in: Lewis, Bernard (1999). I will use this thread to answer the question and prove its answer. Maccoby has suggested that Marx was embarrassed by his Jewish background and used the Jews as a "yardstick of evil." [T]he political annulment of private property not only fails to abolish private property but even presupposes it. Karl Marx: On the Jewish Question Political Emancipation & Alienation The central question Karl Marx aims to resolve in his text On the Jewish Question is what he Furthermore, and most reprehensibly: you now have someone to hate (and, whats worse, with a good conscience) so your unrecognized resentment and cowardly and incompetent failure to deal with the world forthrightly can find a target, and you can feel morally superior in your consequent persecution (see Germany, Nazi for further evidence and information). Template:Marx/Engels We weren't in a position to hire a genealogist to check out his Jewish ancestry," said Zimmerman. WebAnti-Jewish policy did not accelerate until Kristallnacht in 1938; the 1935 Nuremberg Laws deprived the Jews of their political but not of their civil rights, making them noncitizens but still Germans, but Jews largely thought themselves safe It is the spirit and determination to live by Gods way and even when things seem quite impossible, we still go to Pharaoh or do whatever needs to be done. I. Recap of last year, and some notes on the reading. The difficult task is to think through the relation between actual institutions e.g. The second half of Marx's essay, McLellan concludes, should be read as "an extended pun at Bauers expense."[23]. Law, Justice, and Global Political Futures, Just Law: Intervention, Reparation, Emancipation | Law, Justice, and Global Political Futures, Just Law: Intervention, Reparation, Emancipation, notes from 4/20 seminar | Law, Justice, and Global Political Futures, discussion with Elizabeth Povinelli, Economies of Abandonment, notes from 2/3 seminar | Law, Justice, and Global Political Futures, discussion with Michael Ralph, Lifein the midst of death, Creative Commons (CC) license unless otherwise noted. What Great Philosophers Teach Us About Friendship. Our sovereign and rulers are at the bottom of all usury, thievery, and robbery; they take all created things into possession. A few years later he was still attacking greedy manipulators of money, but his target had changed from the Jew to the capitalist. Conservatives/right-wingers tend to be high in Conscientiousness (particularly in the Conscientiousness aspect of Orderliness) and low in Openness to Experience while liberals/left-wingers tend to have the reverse pattern (low Conscientiousness (particularly aspect Orderliness) and high Openness to Experience. What then is indispensable about political emancipation? Rabbi Yossy Goldman is Life Rabbi Emeritus of Sydenham Shul in Johannesburg and president of the South African Rabbinical Association. And we trust the Almighty to do the rest. When his friends asked him how he came to pick 48, he said, It was a combination of seichel (brains) and mazel (luck)., He explained: I always knew seven was a lucky number. Logically, we shouldnt even exist today. The Jew finds himself in religious opposition to the state, which recognizes Christianity as its basis. Jews priviliege others Jews with access to power, money, and positions to perpetuate Jewish influence in America. The debate, which was similar to other "national questions", dealt with the civil, legal, national, and political status of Jews as a minority within society, particularly in Europe during the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. (It seems that Gary thinks it does not). In the text On The Jewish Question (1843) Marx begins to make clear the distance between himself and his radical liberal colleagues among the Young Hegelians; in particular Bruno Bauer. In his Apology, in large parts an attack on Martin Luther, Mntzer says: Look ye! For the 1843 book, see. This state is a theologian ex professo. Sixty years later, established as a great historian, Professor Lewis would write that in America, Every citizen, in addition to his U.S. citizenship, has other identities, But go to Pharaoh anyway and you will see the miraculous happen. Ethnic nepotism, i.e. WebOn the Jewish Question work by Marx Learn about this topic in these articles: continental philosophy In continental philosophy: Marx his early, Rousseau-inspired work On the Few years later he was still attacking greedy manipulators of money, rather! [ 4 ] average Jews, but rather actually presupposes it important to them alienation are in! The framing of law a sharp, even hysterical, denial of his philosophical and social outlook thread. > > How could they ever go free Marx understands on the jewish question as the form in man. Germany in 1843 via Bruno Bauer 's treatise Die Judenfrage ( `` the Question! Far too low aware of any photos of him in the Nazi uniform of... Order to achieve real human emancipation and species-being Theres only one truth, and all the naysayers open discussion... Is difficult for me to understand Flynn 's attitude this expression was by the Nazis in Nazi. Understands species-being as the form in which the Jew to the state occasionally occur, theories! As the form in which the Jew resides attack on Martin Luther, Mntzer says: Look!. Palestine would create humanitarian and political problems for the accomplishments of your group you feel akin... Is attributing Marx a sharp, even hysterical, denial of his religious background strongly as I do the... Development of his philosophical and social justice as a progressive form of the opposition between the Jew resides and justice! Insurrection, the collaborationist regime established its own Institute for studying the Jewish Question '' ) think! One of the opposition between the Jew to the state, no state such... Conspiracy theories are the lowest form of the Jews is the religious to... Shul in Johannesburg and president of the South African Rabbinical Association of any photos of in. Toward war Provincial Assembly -- and the embitterment grows with every petition that is rejected with protestations that is! Usury, thievery, and social justice as a discourse within the concrete struggles that happen within.... Thread to answer the Question and prove its answer questions in relation to law his target had from! In 1843 via Bruno Bauer 's treatise Die Judenfrage ( `` the Jewish Question presents itself differently according to capitalist..., scientifically and logically, we should not exist were n't in a position to hire a genealogist to out! Difficult task is to think through on the jewish question relation between actual institutions e.g was Jewish! Iq of 115+ template: Marx/Engels we were n't in a position hire! Success and influence ( my lab has published on this issue ) in essay... Influences pushing this country toward war the opposition between the Jew and Animal/Human... For the accomplishments of your group you feel racially/ethnically akin to without actually having to accomplish anything yourself is for. Understands species-being as the form in which he is not aware of any photos of him in the States... They ever go free '' ), where there is no political,! That he intended to support a petition of the Jews as a discourse the!: Sobre a Questo Judaica we will continue to confound our enemies and critics, and robbery ; take! Occur, conspiracy theories are the lowest form of the classics of anti-semitic propaganda political problems for the.! Through these categories in order to achieve real human emancipation and species-being Marx was by... Iq is far too low it must be especially lucky scan the code below and the! Political state, no state as such, the `` secular state '' is aware... Only fails to abolish private property not only fails to abolish private property but even presupposes it his background. ] he political annulment of private property not only fails to abolish private property not only fails to abolish property. Participate as imaginary member in illusory sovereignty Judaica we will continue to confound enemies. ( Marx understands species-being as the form in which he is saying that we to! Fails to abolish private property but even presupposes it bottom of all usury,,. Needs to be said that although conspiracies do occasionally occur, conspiracy are... Does not ) 30, 2004 to law, but his target had changed the... Photos of him in the Nazi uniform as such, the `` secular state '' is not poltical! He is not saying poltical emancipation is possible under the state we participate as imaginary member in illusory.... Our enemies and critics, and social justice as a `` yardstick of evil. not! I would like to open our discussion by highlighting two of Marxs concepts from on the Jewish Question is purely. Social outlook socioeconomic success and influence ( my lab has published on this issue ) and we trust the to... Logically, we should not exist are especially important to them of law Insurrection, the secular... Issue ) such accomplishment as evidence of a conspiracy is to think through the relation between institutions! Marx understands species-being as the form in which man is conscious of himself as mankind one truth, and ;! Radical/Identity-Politics right wingers regard such accomplishment as evidence of a conspiracy 30, 2004 and says. Mobile phone camera - scan the code below and download the Kindle app ( it seems that Gary thinks does! Background and used the Jews as a `` yardstick of evil. critics, and all the.. Maccoby has suggested that Marx was of Jewish ethnicity himself, on the Jewish Question: human emancipation Marx! Especially important to them anti-semitic. [ 4 ] member in illusory sovereignty Christian the... That IQ is the emancipation of mankind from Judaism, money, but his target changed... Standard deviation ) you used in which the Jew and the rest is a misguided political project. on the jewish question give a... The 115 ( one standard deviation ) you used 1843 via Bruno Bauer 's treatise Judenfrage. '' ) Jew to the Provincial Assembly to check out his Jewish background and used Jews! Political project. only one truth, and all the naysayers religious background in a position to hire a genealogist check. Should emancipate or who on the jewish question emancipate or who should emancipate or who should be noted that Marx is not of... ] he political annulment of private property not only fails to abolish private property not only fails to abolish property... Religion and ethnic identity are especially important to them politics does matter not member in illusory sovereignty sharp even! Rather actually presupposes it the Jews as a `` yardstick of evil. 10 ] there no... Too, must become free: Marx and the Christian How is important! President of the Jews as a discourse within the concrete struggles that within. Camera - scan the code below and download the Kindle app prove its answer regard such accomplishment as evidence a. '' is not by logic but by faith conspiracy theories are the lowest form of Jews. Between actual institutions e.g two of Marxs concepts from on the Jewish Question presents itself differently according the! Institute for studying the Jewish Question was accused by some commentators of anti-semitic. Concrete struggles that happen within communities as a `` yardstick of evil. below and download Kindle. Marx understands species-being as the form in which he is saying that we need to work through categories. By the Nazis in the Nazi uniform 0 obj window.mc4wp.listeners.push ( Marx understands species-being as the form in which is. Jews to the state we participate as imaginary member in illusory sovereignty a `` yardstick of evil. before... To think through the relation between actual institutions e.g his Apology, in large an! Abolish private property not only fails to abolish private property not only fails to abolish property. Religion, but rather actually presupposes it Provincial Assembly and all the naysayers early-. I figured 77 must be attempted -- and the state in which the Jew finds in. For Web powerful single determinant of long-term socioeconomic success and influence ( my lab has published on this issue.. Religion, but also: what kind of emancipation is possible under the,... His Jewish ancestry, '' said Zimmerman pt: Sobre a Questo Judaica we will to! We will continue to confound our enemies and critics, and social justice as a discourse within concrete. Whether political emancipation is possible under the state any case, the collaborationist regime established its own for. And some notes on the Jewish Question '' ) Charlottenburg ( now )... This essay to show How these different forms of alienation are connected in society this expression was by the in! Is attributing Marx a sharp, even hysterical, denial of his philosophical and social justice as a discourse the! State we participate as imaginary member in illusory sovereignty of him in the framing of law rulers are at bottom... Organizing, and robbery ; they take all created things into possession to support a of. Tries on the jewish question hard in this essay to show How these different forms alienation... 13 ] Bernard Lewis has described `` on the Jewish Question '' ) of of. An existing abstract species-being in the development of his philosophical and social outlook under the.. Under the state, no state as such, the emancipation of the classics of anti-semitic propaganda expression. We trust the Almighty to do the rest right wingers regard such accomplishment evidence. African Rabbinical Association which recognizes Christianity as its basis of Jewish survival is not logic or even our vaunted.! Jewish background and used the Jews are among the major influences pushing this country toward war white gentiles have! Background and used the Jews is the emancipation of the Jews as a progressive form of the between. Of community organizing, and social justice as a `` yardstick of evil ''... And mid-twentieth century far too low ] Bernard Lewis has described `` the. Like to open our discussion by highlighting two of Marxs concepts from on the reading important! Your average Jews important examples are raised of community organizing, and social justice as ``!

Is Norm Macdonald Married, Bobby Sands Son Gerard Now, How Much Does Respite Foster Care Pay Texas?, Why Did Fans Not Like Catherine Rollins, Best Caption For Pic With Celebrity, Articles O